豇豆轮纹病病原鉴定及其室内药剂筛选

从海南三亚豇豆设施棚内采集具典型轮纹病病斑的豇豆叶片,采用组织分离法分离到1株致病菌,根据病害症状特点、病原菌形态特征、培养性状、ITS序列分析,鉴定豇豆轮纹病的病原菌为多主棒孢霉[Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & Curst.) Wei];利用生长速率法,对12种药剂进行室内筛选,结果表明：10%苯醚甲环唑(WP,可湿性粉剂)和50%异菌脲(WP)对病原菌具有强烈抑制作用,其EC50分别为2.709 46和9.093 27 mg/L,而75%百菌清(WP)和50%多菌灵(W     

小花假泽兰提取物抑菌活性研究

以石油醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇对小花假泽兰茎叶进行依次提取。采用离体和活体试验法测定3种有机溶剂提取物对3种植物病原真菌的抑制活性。生长速率法试验结果表明：在干样0.09 g/ml浓度下,乙酸乙酯提取物能显著抑制番茄灰霉病、苹果炭疽病、南瓜枯萎病3种病原真菌菌丝的生长,抑制率均在90%以上。组织法试验结果表明：在干样0.18 g/ml浓度下,石油醚提取物对番茄果实灰霉病的治疗效果为63.55%,乙醇提取物保护效果为71.47%。对小麦白粉病的盆栽试验结果表明：石油醚提取物保护作用为81.26%,乙酸乙酯提取物治疗作用为62.07%。     

First application of PCR-Luminex system for molecular diagnosis of fungicide resistance and species identification of fungal pathogens

Fungicide resistance in plant pathogens is often caused by a single point mutation in a gene encoding fungicide target proteins. Such is the case for resistance to MBI-D (inhibitors of scytalone dehydratase in melanin biosynthesis) fungicides in rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae), which is caused by a mutation in the scytalone dehydratase gene that results in a replacement of valine with methionine at codon 75 of the fungicide target protein. PCR-Luminex, a novel system developed for high-throughput analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was successfully introduced to diagnose MBI-D resistance using specific oligonucleotide probes coupled with fluorescent beads. The PCR-Luminex system was further tested for its potential in identifying species causing Fusarium head blight on wheat. Four major pathogens, Fusarium graminearum (=F. asiaticum), F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, and Microdochium nivale, known to cause the disease, were tested, and the species were identified using the PCR-Luminex method. So far, this report is the first on the application of the DNA-based PCR-Luminex system in the area of crop protection and/or agricultural sciences.     

芒果畸形病菌室内单剂及复配剂增效配比的筛选

通过菌落生长速率法对我国芒果新病害——芒果畸形病病菌层出镰刀菌(Fusarium proliferatum)进行室内药剂筛选,以期为该病害的大田防治提供参考。结果表明:从9种单剂EC50和斜率综合来看,咪鲜胺锰盐(EC50为0.075μg/mL、斜率0.85)和多菌灵(EC50为0.3μg/mL、斜率3.69),应用潜力最大,其次是戊唑醇、丙环唑、氟硅唑、多.福.溴菌腈和甲基硫菌灵。29个复配组合中仅有3个配比组合表现出增效作用,其中丙环唑与多.福.溴菌腈以2∶3配比时增效最明显;其次是咪鲜胺锰盐与多.福.溴菌腈、多.福.溴菌腈与甲基硫菌灵分别以1∶4和2∶3的配比也表现出一定的增效作用。其余组合则表现相加或拮抗作用。     

猕猴桃软腐病病原菌的分离鉴定及其防治药剂筛选

为明确引起猕猴桃软腐病病原菌的种类并筛选有效防治药剂,2015年10月于安徽省金寨县猕猴桃基地采集具有典型软腐病症状的40个果实病样,对分离所得病原菌进行致病性测定、形态学和分子生物学鉴定,同时测定了10种常用药剂对病原菌的抑菌效果。结果显示,结合分离物的形态学特征及rDNA-ITS、β-tubulin和EF-1α基因序列分析结果,确定10株经致病性验证的菌株均为葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea。药剂筛选结果显示,多菌灵对该病原菌菌丝生长抑制效果最好,抑制率高达91.97%,其次是95%三唑醇1 600倍液,抑制率为81.72%,其余药剂对菌丝生长的抑制率均低于80.00%;多粘芽胞杆菌对该病原菌孢子萌发抑制效果最好,未见该病菌孢子萌发,70%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂1 000倍液、12.5%烯唑醇可湿性粉剂3 000倍夜、10%混合脂肪酸水剂100倍液、95%三唑醇原药1 600倍液和1.8%辛菌胺醋酸盐水剂180倍液对病原菌孢子萌发的抑制率均大于81.00%。表明多菌灵和多粘芽胞杆菌是防治葡萄座腔菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的最佳药剂。     

Does agricultural use of azole fungicides contribute to resistance in the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus?

Azole resistance in human fungal pathogens has increased over the past twenty years, especially in immunocompromised patients. Similarities between medical and agricultural azoles, and extensive azole (14α‐demethylase inhibitor, DMI) use in crop protection, prompted speculation that resistance in patients with aspergillosis originated in the environment. Aspergillus species, and especially Aspergillus fumigatus, are the largest cause of patient deaths from fungi. Azole levels in soils following crop spraying, and differences in sensitivity between medical and agricultural azoles (DMIs), indicate weaker selection in cropping systems than in patients receiving azole therapy. Most fungi have just one CYP51 paralogue (isozyme CYP51B), but in Aspergillus sp. mutations conferring azole resistance are largely confined to a second paralogue, CYP51A. Binding within the active centre is similar for medical and agricultural azoles but differences elsewhere between the two paralogues may ensure selection depends on the DMI used on crops. Two imidazoles, imazalil and prochloraz, have been widely used since the early 1970s, yet unlike triazoles they have not been linked to resistance in patients. Evidence that DMIs are the origin, or increase the frequency, of azole resistance in human fungal pathogens is lacking. Limiting DMI use would have serious impacts on disease control in many crops, and remove key tools in anti‐resistance strategies. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

大蒜叶枯病田间药剂防治研究

选取5种药剂,对病害流行后大蒜叶枯病的田间防治效果进行研究。结果表明,在大蒜叶枯病发病流行后施药,百菌清、阿米西达、代森联、甲基硫菌灵和扑海因的防治效果分别为72.16%、71.14%、61.80%、37.04%和7.42%。     

杀菌剂抗性监测研究进展

使用现代选择性杀菌剂防治植物病害是保证农作物高产、稳产的重要措施之一,但是现代杀菌剂很容易出现抗性而导致化学防治失败．使农业生产蒙受巨大损失。本文从杀菌剂的抗性检测和治理技术等方面概述杀菌剂的抗性研究进展。     

5种药剂对2株立枯丝核菌的室内毒力测定

采用生长速率法,在室内测定了w=25%丙环唑、w=12.5%戊唑醇、w=80%乙蒜素、w=25%咪鲜胺和w=5%井冈霉素5种杀菌剂对R-HKB和R-DZC两株立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)的毒力。结果表明:丙环唑对R-HKB的毒力和戊唑醇对R-DZC的毒力均最大,其EC50值分别为0.0132mg·L-1和0.4131mg·L-1;井冈霉素对R-HKB和R-DZC的毒力均最小,其EC50值分别为714.4948mg·L-1和663.4171mg·L-1。其毒力倍数分别比丙环唑和戊唑醇小(54128.4倍和1606.0倍)。提示:丙环唑和戊唑醇对R-HKB和R-DZC两株立枯丝核菌有很好的抑制效果。     

Fungal disease suppression by inorganic salts: A review

This paper reviews the scientific literature on the topic of fungal disease suppression by applications of inorganic salts as alternatives to synthetic fungicides on a global scale for both protected and field crops. Where data were available, the comparative efficacy of inorganic salts with conventional fungicide products is discussed. In total, published evidence was found for 34 inorganic salts (mainly bicarbonates, phosphates, silicates, chlorides and phosphites) that were able to reduce the severity of 49 fungal diseases (of the foliage, stem, fruit, tuber, root and post-harvest) in 35 plant species (vegetables, cereals, fruit crops, root/tuber crops, ornamentals and native plants). The most studied and best controlled disease with inorganic salts was powdery mildew of cucurbits [Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schltdl.) Pollacci 1913 or Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. 1805; up to 99% efficacy], wheat [Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer 1975 (f. sp. tritici)] and grapes [Uncinula necator (Schwein.) Burrill 1892]. The next best evidence for disease control was for wheat septoria blotch (Septoria tritici Berk. & M.A. Curtis 1874), rice blast [Magnaporthe grisea (T.T. Hebert) M.E. Barr 1977], potato late blight [Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary 1876] and several other Phytophthora spp. The published evidence suggests that these 34 inorganic salts are generally less effective than conventional fungicides and could not fully replace them. However, their integration in a disease management strategy may enable a reduction in the number of conventional fungicide applications required. The potential for the inclusion of inorganic salts in fungal disease management programmes merits further investigation and greater regulatory innovation in the near future.